'kks/k izfof/k ,oa laxhr
Dr. Kumar Sargam
^ftKklk*
ekuo dh tUetkr izo`fÙk gSA viuh ftKklkvksa ds lek/kku gsrq vkfn dky ls gh ekuo
fofHkUu rF;ksa ds ek/;e] ls Kku izkIr djrk vk;k gSA tc blh Kku dks Øec) ,oa
fu;fer #i ls laxzg djus dk izpyu gqvk rks mls foKku dh laKk nh xbZA lH;rk ds
fodkl Øe esa tc lR; dh [kkst djds mls izfrf"Br djus dk iz;kl gqvk rc
leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds fy, ekuo us y{; izkfIr gsrq lqO;ofLFkr ,oa lqfu;af=r
<ax ls bldk iz;kl fd;k x;k] bls gh vuqla/kku dgrs gSaA vuqla/kku dk vFkZ
fofHkUu rF;ksa ds ek/;e ls lR; dh xos"k.kk djuk gSA Kku dh izR;sd 'kk[kk
ds fy, vuqla/kku egRoiw.kZ gSA vuqla/kku ds fy, vU; izpfyr 'kCn gS&^'kks/k*
,oa xos"k.kkA ^'kks/k* 'kCn la'kks/ku ds lhfer vFkZ esa iz;qDr rks fd;k
tkrk gS ij o`gn vFkZ esa vuqla/kku 'kCn vf/kd mi;qDr gksrk gSA Mk0 euksjek 'kekZ ds vuqlkj & fdlh y{; dh
izkfIr ds fy, ckj&ckj euks;ksx ,oa ,dkxzrkiwoZd dk;Z djuk gh vuqla/kku gSA
vaxzsth
Hkk"kk esa Research ;kuh 'kks/k dk vFkZ frequentive] iqu% vkSj
Search dk
vFkZ [kkst gSA Research 'kCn esa izR;sd
v{kj dk ,d fof'k"V vFkZ fy;k x;k gS tks bldh laiw.kZ y{k.kkREkd O;k[;k
djrk gSA
R - Stands for Rational way of thinking
rkfdZd
<ax ls lkspuk
E - Stands for expert and exhustive
treatment
vuqHko
,oa ifjJe ds lkFk dk;Z djuk
S - Stands for Sarch for solution
lek/kku
dh [kkst djuk
E - Stands for exactness
fuf'prrk
A - Stands for Analytical Analysis of
Adequate Date
R - Stands for Relation with Date
C - Stands for (i) Careful Recording
(ii)
Critical obsrvation
(iii) Constructive attitude
(iv) Constructive and compactly
Stated Generalization
mfpr
,oa laf{kIr lkekU;hdj.k
H- Stands for Honesty and Hard work in all aspects of the
treatment of Data
vuqla/kku og ckSf)d izfØ;k gS] tks rF;ksa] fl)karksa ,o uohu Kku izkIr djus ds fy, iwoZxkeh =qfV;ksa ds la'kks/ku ds lkFk rdZiw.kZ ,oa O;ofLFkr <ax ls fd;k gqvk dq'ky dk;Z gSA 'kks/k ekuo ds orZeku Kku dks"k esa o`f) djrk gS vr% rF;ksa ds dq'ky ladyu fo'ys"k.k ,oa O;k[;ku ij vk/kkfjr gksuk] iznÙkksa dks fo'ys"k.k djuk ,oa dyk ds loZi{kh; O;k[;ku dks LFkkfir djuk gh laf{kIr #i esa vuqla/kku dh lgh ifjHkk"kk gSA
vuqla/kku dk {ks=
lS)kfUrd
Lrj ij vuqla/kku ds {ks= ,oa dk;Ziz.kkyh esa dksbZ fo'ks"k vUrj ugha gSA
Kku dh lHkh 'kk[kkvksa esa vuqla/kku dh vlhe laHkkouk ,oa vko';drk gSA eq[; :i
ls vuqla/kku dk {ks= rhu {ks.kh esa ckVk tk ldrk gS tks lHkh fo"k;ksa ij
ykxw gksrs gSaA laxhr ds {k= esa
vuqla/kku ¼orZeku ifjizs{; esa½ ,d uohu ifjf/k ,oa n`f"V fy, gq, fodflr
gks jgk gSA laxhr esa vuqla/kku ds O;kid {ks= ,ao fn'kk,a gSa ftUgsa fuEu#i esa
oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gSaA
1- ,sfrgkfld vuqla/kku&Hkwrdky dh
?kVukvksa dk fooj.k] [kkst] foospuk] fo'ys"k.k] O;k[;k] fu"d"kZ
2- o.kZukRed &orZeku ?kVukvksa dk v/;;u]
[kkst foospuk] O;k[;k] fo'ys"k.k] dkjd] ifjfLFkfr;ka
3- iz;ksxkRed &?kVukvksa dks fu;af=r ifjfLFkfr esa v/;;u ,oa iz;ksx] fofHkUu ?kVukvksa dk ikjLifjd lEcU/k] [kkst] O;k[;k vkfn bR;kfnA
mijksDr
rhuksa oxksZs dks vk/kkj ekudj fuEu {ks=ksa esa 'kks/k dh fn'kk,a vxzlj gksrh gSa
1- laxhr esa ,sfrgkfld 'kks/k& xzUFkksa
dh ik.Mqfyfi;k¡] fl)kUrksa dh iquZO;k[;k] Vhdk] bfrgkl] fofHkUu ijEijkvksa dk
mn~xe] fodkl bR;kfnA
2- laxhr'kkL= & laxhr ds rduhdh
fo"k;ksa ij foLr`r foospu] lekt'kkL=h; foospu] laxhr ds ewyHkwr fl)kar
¼/ofu] NUn'kkL=] ukV~;'kkL=] ikBkuqla/kku bR;kfnA
3- fo"k;xr 'kks/k & dksbZ izklafxd 'kks/k
4- rF;kUos"k.k & oLrqijd oSKkfud 'kks/k
5-
vkykspukRed O;k[;k &
fdlh dh d`fr dh vkykspuk@thouh
6-
nk'kZfud 'kks/k
7-
lkekU; foKku lEcU/kh
8-
'kkSUn;Z 'kkL++=
9-
euksoSKkfd
10-
nSfgd foKku lEcfU/kr
11-
Ethnomusicology
12-
laxhr f'k{k.k ls tqM+k
13-
vU; vUrjfo"k;h 'kks/k
fo"k;
p;u
fdlh Hkh vU; fo"k; dh rjg laxhr esa vuqla/kku
,ao fo"k; p;u ls iwoZ fuEu fcUnqvksa ij /;ku nsuk vko';d gSA
& #fp
,oa mRlqdrk
& fo"k;
dh mi;qDrrk
& fo"k;
dh mikns;rk
& iwoZ
esa gq, dk;Z] mudh iz.kkyh] Lrj] ifj.kke] vNwrs i{kksa dh foospuk
vuqla/kku
ds fo"k; fuokZpu dh i)fr
'kks/kkFkhZ
,oa funs'kd dh #fp vuqlkj fo"k; fuokZpu dh fuEu i)fr;k¡ gks ldrh gSaA
1- LoNUn
iz.kkyh ¼Lo#fp½
2- ;kstukc)
iz.kkyh
3- lwphc)
iz.kkyh ¼funs'kd iznÙk 'kks/kkFkhZ p;fur
vkerkSj
ij vuqla/kku gsrq fuEu fcUnqvksa ds vk/kkj ij Øfed #i ls dk;Z vxzlj gksrk gSA
'kks/k dk;Z dk izk#i
'kh"kZd
Hkwfedk
'kks/kdk;Z dh i`"BHkwfe ,oa lEcfU/kr lkfgR; dk
v/;;u ,oa rduhdh 'kCn
'kks/kdk;Z dk mn~ns';
ifjdYiuk@ladYiuk
'kks/kdk;Z dh vko';drk ,oa egÙo
'kks/k dk;Z dh fof/k ,oa midj.k
'kks/kdk;Z ds
lzksr
'kks/k dk;Z ds iznÙkksa dk fujh{k.k] lEiknu]
fo'ys"k.k ,oa O;k[;k
fu"d"kZ ,oa Hkfo"; dh laHkkouk,
'kks/k dk;Z dh lhek,¡
lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph
ifjf'k"V
nRr ladyu
'kks/kdk;Z
dk lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ pj.k gS nÙk ladyu Data collection. ;gh 'kks/kkFkhZ
ds fpUru dk vk/kkj gSA blh nÙk ladyu ds fo'ys"k.k ] oxhZdj.k ,oa O;k[;k
}kjk vuqla/kku dks fu"d"kZ rd igWaaaaaaaaaaaqpk;k tk ldrk gSA nÙk
lkexzh ds fuEu lzksr gSa &
ewy xzUFk ,oa vU; xzUFkksa ls izkIr lanHkZ
-fyf[kr lkexzh&lUnHkZ
bR;kfn&lzksr&iqLrdky;] laxzgky;
-mRdh.kZ lkexzh & &f'kykys[k] iqjkrÙo
-ekSf[kd lkexzh & lwpd] ;U=
buds vfrfjDr
lsfeukj] lk{kkRdkj] iz'ukoyh] dk;ZØe] 'kks/k izcU/k ds lkj] i=&if=dk;sa]
lekpkj i=] b.VjusV] ys[k vkSj fefJr lkexzh] ekufp=] pkVZ] Nk;kfp=] ekud
ekbØksfQYe] Vsi] 'kCndks"k] fo'odks"k bR;kfn Hkh nÙk ladyu ds vU;
egRoiw.kZ lzksr gSaA
fof/k&lUnHkZdkMZ] lkexzh dk QksVksdkih]
gLrfyf[kr laxzg
nÙk ladyu dh fof/k
- i;Zos{k.k Observation
- lk{kkRdkj Interview
- vfHker Inquiry Forms
- iz'ukoyh] vuqlwph ekiuh¼Rating Scale½ fpUgkadu Checklist izkIrkad
izi= ¼Scorfe board½ vfHkeroyh ¼Opinionaire½ lektferh
¼Sociometry½
euksoSKkfud ijh{k.k&
#fp ijh{k.k] cqf) ijh{k.k] O;fDrÙoekiu
nÙk lkexzh dk fo'ys"k.k ,oa O;k[;k
fo'ys"k.k dh fofHkUu izfØ;k,¡
lkexzh dk lEiknu
ifj'kq)rk
Accuracy
mRiknu vuqeku Approximation
foHkze Errors
oxhZdj.k
xq.kkRed
lajpukRed
lekftd
HkkSxksfyd
lkj.kh;u
O;k[;k
fu"d"kZ
lkexzh
dh ltkrh;rk
i;kZIrrk
mi;qDrrk
=qfV;ksa
ds lzksr
lkeU;hdj.k
&
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