SWOT ANALYSIS OF MUSIC EDUCATION

 Music education is an instrument that is very operational in transforming the style and impact of education in higher education it has the aim of empowering the cultural values as well as cognitive development in student who opt for music curriculum in higher studies. The SWOT analysis of Music Education is to study the strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for Music Education at the university level. It is evident that the universities have rushed to implement this program, resulting in syllabuses that do not fulfil the goals of the NEP-2020 for making recommendations for such programs thus the focus of the analysis is from the perspective of the Education department or Education faculties that include music education as an essential component of the curriculum.

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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361107914_SWOT_ANALYSIS_OF_MUSIC_EDUCATION

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Saang Tradition in Haryana: A Cultural and Artistic Exploration of Pandit Lakhmichand's Performance

 Saang Tradition in Haryana: A Cultural and Artistic Exploration of Pandit Lakhmichand's Performance

Geeta Mattu¹, Kumar Sargam²

http://swarsindhu.pratibha-spandan.org

Abstract:

The research provides a concise overview of its focus and objectives, centered around acknowledging Pandit Lakhmichand's significant contributions to Haryana's folk music tradition known as "Saang." It highlights Saang as a vibrant reflection of Haryana's culture, utilizing historical and mythological stories, theatrical elements, and societal values to enrich its musical expressions. The present work specifically emphasizes Pandit Lakhmichand's role as a spontaneous poet who infused Saangs with captivating romantic and religious themes, thereby adding depth and richness to the tradition. Moreover, the research's scope includes shedding light on Pandit Lakhmichand's artistic journey, influences, and commitment to social reform activities. It also mentions the examination of Saang performances' characteristics and elements, such as stage setup, lighting, musical instruments, costumes, and makeup, which are integral to understanding the essence of Saang. Overall, the research sets the stage for a comprehensive exploration of the Saang tradition in Haryana, with a specific focus on Pandit Lakhmichand's contributions and the unique elements that define Saang performances. It promises to offer valuable insights into the cultural, social, and religious aspects of Haryana's folk music landscape.

Keywords: Saang tradition, Haryana folk music, Cultural exploration, Performance elements

Introduction

Haryana's vibrant culture and tradition are vividly portrayed through the art form known as 'Saang' (Attri, 2023). The form of Saang that is seen today has a rich history hidden behind it, going back many years (Kumar, 2010). Haryana's Saang tradition is influenced by various folk theater styles from neighboring regions, such as the Bhanda Pathar of Kashmir, Nakkal of Punjab, Khyal of Rajasthan, Nautanki of Uttar Pradesh, and Ras of Bihar and Bengal. Haryanvi songs are primarily based on the principles of melody and emphasize the essence of music. These are pure form of folk theater with strong connections to ordinary people. The stories available in history, mythology, or legends are presented to the audience in their respective style, language, and manner. It is for people of all ages and social backgrounds and represents a powerful tool for social commentary and education (Bhan, 1996).

Nowadays, Saang can be considered a complete form of Bhakti or Nautanki. The exact origin of the word 'Saang' is not certain, but it is believed to be derived from ‘Swang.’ The common meaning of Swang is to imitate the behavior, emotions, etc., of someone or something. Songs are the lifeline of Haryanvi Saangs. The intricacies of Saangs are woven with the art of musical instruments. It is the magic of ragas that makes them come alive. In Haryana's religious songs, one can immediately see the essence of religious and moral values. Such songs inspire people to engage in virtuous deeds, leaving behind sinful actions. ‘Sang’ was respected in society. Along with musicians, during the time of saints and ascetics, it also became known by other names like ‘swang’ or ‘sangit.’ Through sāngs, one can understand the social, economic, religious, and cultural aspects of any community using it. Sāng provides insights into society's beliefs, customs, traditions, culture, and social values (Gupta, 2005).

Methodology:

The research gives a deep look into the music and folk culture of contemporary Haryana. Many different sources of information are utilized to understand the research thoroughly with various data analysis, interview social studies during the field visit. Primary data sources of the study was questionnaire, interview and filed observation and live performance of the Saang during the period of filed visit in Umbala, Zind, Kurukshetra and other places of Haryana. Secondary sources of the data were extracted from archive of Akashvani, YouTube, Blogs, Websites, Books and Library. The research work also presents the author's comprehension of folk music and music studies. The research is built on a solid knowledge base to analyze and study the subject more effectively and precisely. The Methodology used in the research was historical method, descriptive method and field visit and survey method. Methodology of data analysis was based on both qualitative and quantitative method. 

Artistic Exploration of Pandit Lakhmichand

a. Life and legacy

Pandit Lakhmichand was a spontaneous poet. Whenever he sang a particular Saang, he never sang it in the same way twice. Each time he sang, it was in a new form. He added such a unique flavor of romance to the art of Saang that people compared it to the nectar, prompting them to savor its taste like honeybees. Dividing Pandit Lakhmichand's songs into different categories is challenging because there is no Saang by him where romantic and religious sentiments do not intermingle seamlessly.

His songs often blend heroic and humorous rasas (emotions) elements and feature instances of wit and humor, making it difficult to compartmentalize them into distinct categories. To learn the art of acting, he resided for a few days with Shri Chand Saangi, a resident of Hadipur, Haryana, who had a Saang troupe. For six months, he served his guru with unwavering dedication and reverence, and following this continuous practice, he returned home as proficient in the art of singing. The sweetness of his voice captivated young Lakhmichand's heart in such a way that upon their first meeting, he immediately considered Shri Manasinh as his guru (Sharma, 2006).In 1924, when Pandit Lakhmichand created his Saang, the songs that the public had previously witnessed were the ones they saw again with remarkable transformations in Lakhmichand's Saang. This led them to appreciate his artistry anew. In the sāng ‘Puranmal,’ composed by Pandit Lakhmichand and Pandit Vyas Ji, the main goal of both poets is to depict the practice of polyandry in society. Their close friend once said about them, ‘The one who understands Lakhmichand only as a singer is truly wise.’ Their perspective was always directed towards social reform activities. They directed the earnings from their songs towards charitable work. In Saangs, dance and acting are the primary means of expression. The nuances of Saang performances are enhanced through the expressions and movements of dance. The gestures and postures of dance make Saang's performances more attractive and emotionally resonant. In Saangs, there is also a subtle touch of humor, and its representation is carried out by the comedian, known as the ‘Nakli’ in the Saang tradition. During religious and social festivals, whether in temple courtyards, village gatherings, or small open stages, this style has been an essential means of entertainment for generations. These performances not only included love stories but also depicted contemporary social characters and behaviors. The credit for taking Saang to the pinnacle of popularity is attributed to Pandit Lakhmichand. He endeavored to embed Saang in the hearts of the Haryanvi people. Therefore, his contribution will always be remembered (Kumar, 2002).

For more detail : please visit and find the paper on ...

 Swar Sindhu: National Peer-Reviewed/Refereed Journal of Music

A UGC CARE listed Journal
ISSN 2320–7175 (O) | Volume 12, Issue 01, January-June, 2024
http://swarsindhu.pratibha-spandan.org © The Author(s) 2024

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Manipuri Dance and Raas Leela Painting

Manipuri Dance and Raas Leela Painting

Soibam Monica Chanu¹, Kumar Sargam²

http://swarsindhu.pratibha-spandan.org

Abstract:

This study delves into the dynamic evolution of Manipuri dance and Raas Leela painting, two quintessential art forms originating from Manipur, India. Over the passage of time, these art forms have undergone significant transformations influenced by various socio-cultural factors. The primary objective of this research is to meticulously examine these changes, discern the underlying factors responsible for them, and illuminate their profound implications on the preservation and advancement of Manipuri cultural heritage. The central research question at the heart of this study revolves around understanding how Manipuri dance and Raas Leela painting have adeptly navigated the path of modernity while retaining their intrinsic traditional essence. The Methodology used in the research was historical method, descriptive method and field visit and survey method. Methodology of data analysis was based on qualitative research.

                        The study unearthed several noteworthy findings and ongoing trends in the contemporary period. Notably, it sheds light on the significant theme of "Adaptation to Modernity" in the realms of Manipuri dance, music, and Raas Leela painting. It also explores the profound impacts of "Globalization and Fusion," the intricate "Challenges in Transmission," and the nuanced dilemmas of "Commercialization versus Authenticity." These thematic areas collectively unravel the changing landscape of classical arts and dance in Manipur.

             

Keywords: Manipuri Dance, Meitei, Painting, Culture, Changes 

Introduction:

Manipur is an Indian state having a rich heritage and culture of its own where Manipuri dance (Manipuri Jagoi) showcases the identity of Manipur people to the world. It is a widely popular form of Manipur Dance famous around the globe. Manipuri Jagoi here specifically means Rass Leela. It is a form of Indian Classical dance, a blend of uniqueness of gesture and hand movements with song and drama that depicts the love and affection of Lord Krishna with Radha and the Gopis in the form of Rass Leela. With the rise of Vaishnavism in Manipur, Raas Leela became one of the most prominent parts of festivals in this state. The main theme of the classical dance is based on the Rass (love and affection) of Lord Krishna and Gopis in the bank of the Yamuna in Vrindavan. Today Raas Leela has become an integral part of Manipuri culture and widely spread all over the globe and also become a favourite form of classical dance amongst all.

At Masimpur village of Sinhat District in 1919 was mesmerized by its beauty, when great Poet Rabindranath Tagore encountered this form and regain the popularity (Devi, 2013). Afterwards he brought the Raas Leela to Vishwabharti Santiniketan and made the students there learn this dance form. Later on Raas Leela began to be performed on various stages at different places across India.

For more detail : please visit and find the paper on ...

 Swar Sindhu: National Peer-Reviewed/Refereed Journal of Music

A UGC CARE listed Journal
ISSN 2320–7175 (O) | Volume 12, Issue 01, January-June, 2024
http://swarsindhu.pratibha-spandan.org © The Author(s) 2024

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Emotions and Appeal of Kanhara, Malhar and Sarang Ang: A Raga Analysis

 Abstract:

The emotions and appeal of each and individual raga has its uniqueness in Indian classical music. Among the several, a huge lineage of classical tradition Kahnara-ang with the combination of Malhar-ang can be seen in various raga of Hindustani classical music where Raga Nayaki Kahnara is one among them. Analysis of Ragang (category) along with the note’s combination of Nayaki Kanhara is carried with its Sampratiki (similar nature) raga to identify the difference in emotions and appeal of each and individual raga having the similar Ang (category, sects) with the help of audio- video recording of legendry vocalist of Hindustani classical music, software analysis in Logic Pro X and secondary data from books is done to trace the practical and theoretical difference in these raga. The research experiments are also carried with practices of the raga in classroom teaching to several disciple throughout the period and also experienced through the teaching learning procedure with respected guruji Padmashree Pt. Surendra Mohan Mishra. Uniqueness in Raga conjoining and the notes combination in Nayaki Kanhara, Suha, Sughurai, Shahana, and Devsakh blended with Ragang Kahnara, Malhar and Sarang creates a confluence of Rasanippati (emotional cognition) which is quite unique of its kind. The position of Gandhar and the transition between the Ragaang in Nayaki make it different that other Samprikit raga even having the same notes combination in a bundle of Five Raga that are closed to Nayaki. The Aesthetic and emotions of each and individual raga is kitted with the tinny notes combination which creates a different segment of emotions and appeal in Raga.

 

Analysis of Kanhara, Malhar and Sarang Ang and its Aesthetics

Malhar-ang is the Ragang of Hindustani classical music which means the melody combination of Komal Nishadwith Suddh Rishav, Suddh Rishav, a Kaan of Suddh  Madhyam, to  Panchan, ga ma Re Sa, where Andholan (shaking )of Gandhar comes with Kaan of Suddh Madhyam. In Uttrang, Malhar-ang ang is shown   ma Pa ni Dha Ni Sa is one of the prominent phrases used to reach Taar Saptak (high octave). Similarly the Kanhara-ang means the notes combination of Re Re Sa ni Sa, Sa Re ga.. ma Re, Re ni Sa Re .. ga, ma Pa dha…ni Sa, Sa dha… ni Pa, ga ma Re Sa, majorly theKanhara aang is identified as uses of Ati Komal Gandhar and its Andholan, a Kaan of Suddh Rishav when moving towards Aroh and, and Vakra Swaroop of  ga ma Re Sa , Re ni Sa, dha ni Re Sa. The Uttrang of Kanhara-ang is identified with the notes combination of ma pa dha ,,,,, ni , Sa,,, dha ni Re Sa, Sa dha ni Pa. when we look upon the common phrase, the Malhar and the Kanhara share few common Swar and the transition are very similar in few stage. The aesthetic of the both Raga are also very common, perhaps there is a hung variable between the nature of the raga. Shadaj, Suddh Rishav, Komal Gandhar, Suddh Madhyam, Pancha and Komal Nishad are the common notes used in both Raga. Malhar shares the Suddh Dhaivat and Suddh Nishad in Aroh whereas Kanhara shares Komal Dhaivat, which is different from Malhar in terms of scale. 

As a part of raga analysis, aga Nayaki Kanhara is chosen, and other three raga of similar scale and Suha as Samprakrit raga which are very similar to Nayaki and have a combination of Malhar, Kanhara and Sarang. Sarang-ang is also taken as a transition Ang where researcher can check the aesthetic between Malhar, Kanhara, and Sarang. In these Raga where one Ang disappear to rise another Ang or the combination of Malhar and Kanhara, Malhar and Sarang, or Kanhara and Sarang created a new raga, unique melody with the combination of either of these three Ang. Hindustani classical music has a uniqueness of its own that the melody of one raga to another raga is created with minor changes in Swar and connection between the notes. There are numerous examples of such raga where minor shifting of Shruti, Swar,or notes combination creates a unique melody. The emotions and the aesthetics of such a melody also have a different shade and different feeling than the parental raga. 

Among such uniqueness, Raga Suha, Raga Shahana, Raga Sugharai, and Raga Devsakh have some common transitions that reflect the uniqueness in terms of emotions and combination of Ragang to create an emotional appeal.Raga Suha; a Kafi thaat  raga is very similar to Nayaki Kanhara shares the similar scale as Nayaki. The Rishav note of this raga is used coiled or curved and Dhaivat is completely forbidden in both Aroh and Avaroh. It’s ascends and descends is ni Sa ga ma, Pa ni Pa ni Sa and Sa ni Pa, ga ma Re Sa. Here the phrases of the raga are a combination of Kanharaand Malhar where Kanhara and Malharang conjoin to create a unique melody- a combination of softness and stability of Kanhara and the bold and romantic frame of Malhar. The first phrase (Purvang) of Suha is representing the Kanhara-angwhereas the second phrase (Uttrang) of Megh. The uniqueness of melody is the conjoining of Ganghar in the raga where ascend of Gandhar represent the Kanhara and descend of Gandhar represent the Malhar-ang. Similarly, in raga Sugharaithe notes combination is very much similar to Nayaki Kahnara. The Dhaivat in the raga is completely forbidden in both Aroh and Avaroh. In few Gharana of Hindustani classical music Dhiaivat in Raga Sugharai is only used in descend (Avaroh). Without using Dhaivat one can maintain the nuances of Sughurai because the position of Dhaivat in raga is very rare so vocalist can maintain the purity of the raga with/without Dhaivat. Raga Sugharai is created with the combination of Sarang and Kanhar-ang. The ascendance of the raga is: Sa Re^m, ga ma ni Pa Ni Sa and descend Sa^P, ni Pa, ga ma ^SRe Sa. Melodic structure of Sughurai is a combination of Malhar and Sarang which is assembled in coiled form in the raga. Even though there is no combination Kanhara but still ga ma Re Sa notes are being used to represent the Malhar-ang so the uses of above phrase should be intelligently and as per norms of the raga. Both forms of Nishad are simultaneously used in raga to represent the Sarang-ang. As it can be noticed the descent of the Sugharai is very similar to Raga Nayaki and the Ragaang of the both ragas are also similar but the aesthetics and the emotions is totally different. Sometimes Raga Sugharai is also called Suha-Sugharai, a unique combination of Raga Suha and Sarang-ang.

            Similarly, the raga in the list is Shahana which is also the raga of Kafi Thaat and have similar scale to Nayaki Kahnara but have a huge difference in terms of melody and the emotion and appeal which come with the combination of Ragang Kanhara and Sarang. The Sarnagang that can be seen in Nayakai is not been used in the structure of Raga Shahana. This raga has again a unique formation with the combination of Kanhara with the phrase of Bagreshee, Baharor sometimes Malhar are used to recreate a variant melody. It is a multi-colored raga having the six notes combination in ascent where Dhaivat is forbidden, but in few traditions all seven notes are used in descent.  Sa Re ga ma, Pa Dha ni , Pa Ni Sa is the Aroh and Avaroh of the raga is: Sa ni Dha ni Pa , ma Pa ga ma Re Sa is one of the coiled and completed mixed ragas that can only be learned only with one on one guidance of guru. The Ragang ni ni Pa ma Pa, ga ma Re Sa, Sa Re ga ma of Kanhar, Sa ma Pa , ga… ma  phrase sometime resemble Raga Bahar, ga ma Dha Dha resemble Bageshree and   ni Pa Ni Sa is a part of Sarang.  A complete phrase Sa ni Dha ni Pa Dha ma Pa Sa, ma Pa ni Pa Ni Sa ni Pa, ga ma Re Sa denotes the Raga Shahana. The short resemblance of Bahar and Bageshree in Sarang and Kahnara-ang makes the raga very special even though the notes of the raga are very similar to all other Samprakritik raga like Suha, Sughurai and Nayaki. The melody of Shahana is very soothing, refreshing and jolly with romantic and softness appeal because of the notes frame of Sarangang with adjoining Kanhara and little flavor of Bahar, Bagesgree and fewer portion of the Malhar. In the series of similarities Aang, Raga Devsakh is one that also represents the similar combination of Kahnara and Sarangang and also fall under the Kafi Thaat. The Aroh of the raga consist of six notes excluding Dhaivat in ascend, and the descend of the raga is of Sampurna jati where all seven notes but in zig-zag form are used to create a melodic structure of the raga. In some Gharna Dhivat Swar is completely excluded in both Aroh and Avaroh. Sa Re^m ga Pa, ma Pa ni Pa Ni Sa,  Sa^P ni Pa^m ga ma ^SRe Sa is the ascent- descent and Sa ma Re pa, ga ma ga Pa, ma pa ni pa, ga ma ^SRe Sa is the prominent phrase that can use as raga identify- Pakkad for the Raga Devsakh.  It also has the similar combination of Kahnara and Sarang but the Vakra Gandhar -Madhyam with Vakra Dhaivat in Avaroh makes the raga very special. The aesthetic behind the raga is fickle and playful because of Sarangang in Uttrang whereas the boldness and imprescriptibly of Kanhara can be noticed in Purvang. 

Conclusion: 

Hindustani Classical music has a very special and uniqueness in raga creation, the notes combination and its tiny connection of micro notes (Anunaad-Shruti) that creates the melody differently even falls under the same Thaat or the same ascend-descend or the similar Ragang combination. The emotion and appeal of Sarang, Malhar and Kanhara can be seen in different shade in these five ragas who share same Thaat and almost the same notes in ascend and descend but the combination of the notes and the interchange between these notes have totally differentiated Raga Nayaki from these Samprakritik raga even share the same Ragang. The emotions of Kahnara-ang in Nayaki Kahnara is knitted with the notes of Malhar where romantic appeal meets the calmness and boldness of Kahnara with flicking notes of Sarang. The combination of Rishav and Panchan of Nayaki cannot be seen in other ragas even having the same Ragang are been used. The uses of Komal Gandhar in these five raga can be minutely studied because the Komal Gandhar used in Nayaki is totally different from Suha, Shahana,Sugharai and Devsakh. The emotions of every raga are totally different even they share the same scale and similar notes combination in term of raga formation. The ascending of Komal Gandhar in all five Raga is representing the Kanhara-ang whereas in descending the knitting of the Komal Gandhar notes comes with Malhar-ang in Nayaki and Suha but the same notes is sung as per Kanhara-ang in Raga Shahana, Sughurai and Devsakh. Sarang-ang is another transition between Kanhara and Malhar in Raga Nayaki but these three Ragang combinations cannot be seen in all five ragas. Sarang-ang is most prominently used in all five ragas but the position of this Ragang is in Uttrang except Sugharai. The Aesthetics of Kanhara threaded with the emotions of Malhar and top-ups of Sarang-ang in Uttrang in Raga Nayaki Kanhara resemble the Sringarik Bhav (love and affection, boldness and little calmness with romance and shower of rain to the fear of thunder representing the Malhar-ang in raga. Shrangrik Bhav, the Rati or the romance, fickleness of Sarang, Dhir-Gambhir with clamness and boldness of Veer Rasa of Kahnara and the Sringrikta, Bhaya -Daar, romance and fear of Malhar makes the Raga Nayaki Kanhara very special and unique among its Samprakritik raga family. This long lineage of Hindustani Classical Music has its own legacy of the raga performance and a tradition that nurtures the extraordinary combination of Naad, Shruti and Swar to create a unique melody. While examining the notes in logic Pro X, it can be visible the difference of singing Gandhar but machine can only tell the matching or mismatched, similarities and dissimilarities in scale whereas singer need to be trained with proper guidance by the Guru to know the exact notes combination in these ragas to stimulate the exact emotions.  The aesthetics, emotion and the appeal of one raga cannot be the same even with the use of similar notes in Hindustani music because of micro notes combination and its knitting with several passages and pathways of notes to interconnect the melody of the raga.

Note: The notes Sa represent Shadaj, Re – Suddh Rishav, ga – Komal Gandhar, ma- Suddh Madhyam, Pa- Pancham, dha – Komal Dhaivat, Dha- Suddh Dhaivat,  ni- Komal Nishad, Ni- Suddh Nishad - 

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https://www.musicbanaras.com/2024/03/raga-nayaki-kanhara.html

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Aesthetics of Raga: Nayaki Kanhara

    Introduction:

The beauty that can be experienced while performing/ listening to the raga of Indian classical music is much more associated with the emotions and appeal of the melody. It has no limit and depends on the spectators how he/she observes, experiences and feels the subject while watching or listening to the music. Rasa is a kind of realization and varies from person to person. "Sundarta Dekhne Walo ki Soch Evum Ankho mai Hoti hy" - The sensual transformation that delights and impregnates all aspects of life is a Rasa erupted while realizing the rendering of raga. In addition, the combination of the melody of the raga and mental well-being of the artist, a wave of imagination is created called the emotion of raga.  

            Raga itself is budded with its specific characteristics and the melodic structure that defines the affection and creation of the entire universe as Naad- Brahma (cosmic sound). In Indian classical music Rasa is not only considered as the melody structure but also is a philosophy of Naad, a manifestation of the melody with proper grammatical sequencing of Shruti (micro notes) and Swar (notes) as described in the Veda. The feeling of Rasa while listening to the raga as a listener may have different emotions than the artist who is performing the same. The basic and fundamental thing to realize the aesthetic, beauty, appeal and emotion of raga is to be obliterated from personal ego, imbibe and absorb the melody without any judgment.

The combination of Swar and Shruti is varied in different raga even of similar nature or similar ascent and descent while the aesthetic behind these combinations germinated the frequency of emotions in different aspects. The Nature of Madhyamad Sarang is completely dissimilar and variant than Megh even the notes and scale of the both ragas are of same scale aand structure. Puriya, Marwa and Sohani also have different emotions even sharing the same scale, Bhupali and Deskar, Jaldhar-Kedar- Durga, Darbari Kahnara- Adana and so many ragas in Hindustani music having same Swar combination, similar scale and same Aroh (ascend) and Avaroh (descend) but have different nature, variant aesthetics and emotions due to the Ragang and the interconnection of notes used in particular raga. Raga-Rasa is thus the term having a simple meaning of realization of the raga. Is it not the matter of analysis or it is not the matter of comparison what the structure of raga is? what is the Swar combination? or what is the Thaat(group), Jati(category), Gayan Samey(timing),Vadi(main notes), Samvadi(corresponding note), but it is only the matter of realization, the feeing and visualization of the raga at any stage as a performer or the audience. 

In Hindustani classical music, the legendary musicologist and the disciple of V N Bhatkhande, Pt. Narayan Moreshwar Khare has discovered the Ragang - a distinct characteristic of the raga commonly used in various categories of the raga. As part of raga Vargikaran (division), he has found 30 distinct Ragang in Hindustani Music which is widely accepted in the late 20th century. Among these thirty Ragang, Malhar and Kahara are the most prominent Ragang and have few similar conjunctions that create the transition between the raga where as Sarangaang is completely different and represent the joyfulness in the raga. It is realized that the interrelation between the raga and Rasa in Hindustani classical music plays a great role to appeal the emotions and establish the melody even if the structure of the notes is the same but erect the different Rasa. Common phrases of Malhar and Kanhara are ga ma Re Sa but the transition and the supporting notes, Meed, Kaan which plays a great role in framing the melody that makes the emotional appeal different even the same phrase of notes are sung together. Naykai Kanhar is one the best example where Kanhara meets Malhar, the same notes Sa Re ga ma in Aroh goes with Kanharang, and Pa ^mga ma Re Sa comes with Malharang. This phase (ga ma Re Sa) of Nayaki is sung/played on the basis of Malharang even the same phrase is a part of Avaroh which also represent the Kanharan but not used in Nayaki and it is strictly forbidden to use Kanharaang in Avaroh while singing ga ma Re Sa. In the second half scale of the Raga, combination of Sarang and Malhar is blended to form a soothing melody. Kanharabasically have the characteristics of boldness, seriousness and stability on the melody whereas Malhar also have the similar nature but sometimes the romance, fear altogether reflects the maturity and stability in melody. Sarang is a reflection of joyfulness, romance and the adornment of the Nayak-Nayika must dominantly represent the emotions and aesthetics of love and affection (Shringar Rasa).

 

Objectives of the Study:

The basic objective of the study of the raga with relation to emotions and emotional appeal is to identify the nuances and fineness of the raga as well as its melodic structure and the notes combination of three Ang are being used in the same raga. For this research, five ragas are taken where Malhar-Kanhara, Malhar -Sarang or Kahnara-Sarang are used i.e Raga Nayaki Kanhara, Suha, Saguhari, Sahana, and Devsakh. Nayaki Kanhara is the prime raga were major experiment is done because the melody of the Nayaki Kanhara is a combination of three Ragang (Kanhara, Malhar and Sarang). For the understanding of the aesthetics and blending of Ragang Samparkriti Raga Suha, Saghurahi, Sahana and Devsakh are taken because these ragas are created with either of these Ragang Malhar, Kahnara and Sarang. The objective of the study will be i) similarity and distinctness of the emotions and appeal in Malhar, Sarang and Kanhar Ang, ii) an impact of Malhar, Sarang and Kanhara Ang if used in same raga and its uses in terms of phrases and micro notes while creating a melody, iii) analysis of the transition of phrase of Malhar, Sarang and Kanhara in Nayaki Kanhara, how Gandhar- Nishad plays a role in conjoining the Ragang. To establish the above-mentioned objective qualitative methodology will be used to analyze the Swar combination of all five ragas along with the basic framework of Kanharaand Malhar Ang. Review of few Bandishes and musical rendering of Pt. Rajan Sajan, Ustad Rashid Khan, Pt. Bhimsen Josh. Pt, Jasraj, Ustad Aamir Khan and few other renowned vocalists will be carried during the qualitative analysis. Notes combination Re Re Sa ni Sa Re, ga ma Re Sa, Re Pa, ma Pa ni Pa Sa, Pa Ni Sa Re Sa will be examined with software Logic pro X to examine the notes and its frequency and try to identify the similarity of notes and its rendering by the artist, it connecting notes and distinctness in Gharana to Gharana style. Further, self-experience and live performance/demo will be recorded to understand and evaluate the emotions, appeal of both Ang in Raga Nayaki Kanhara.

Raga Nayaki Kanhara: 

Raga Nayaki Kanhara is a raga from the bunch of Kanhara-ang raga that falls under the Kafi Thaat.  Nayaki is one of the famous types of Kanhara supposed to be composed by Gopal Nayak in late 12^th century which share a similar scale to Raga Suha, Shahana and Devsakh and Sughurai. The most common and similar raga to Nayaki Kanhara is Suhawhich is also called as Samprakritik raga.

            The Raga Nayaki Kanhara is the complex raga with the combination of three Ragangs, Darbari in Purbang (first phase), Sarang in Uttrang (Second half) and the mixture of Malhar in the center of the scale.  Phrases from these three main ragas were webbed to create the unique melody of Raga Nayaki Kanhara.  Ni Sa Re ^Rga-- ma Re Sa or Re ni Sa Re ga... m Re Sa ni Sa Re.., phrases of Raga Darbari, Re....Re Pa ma ^mga ma Re, Se Re.. of Miya Malhar and ma Pa ni ma Pa, Pa Ni Sa of Sarang were adopted and fused in such a way to create a distinct melody of Nayaki. The notes combination of this raga is unique of its kind and need to take guidance from the expert- teacher before its recital. Special emphasis on Komal Gandhar is the major part of this raga. In Aroh, the Komal Gandhar is sung with the support of Suddh Rishav as similar as in Darbari but in Avaroh the same Komal Gandhar is sung according to Malhar-ang, a Kaan of Suddh Madhyam to Komal Gandhar to Suddh madhyam to Suddh Rishav is the ascending path of this Raga. 

Raga Nayaki Kanhara is one of the popular and prominent raga of Kanhara-ang of Hindustani classical music. The Vadi of the Raga is Madhyam and Sambadi is Shadaj and its singing time is midnight or the third phase of night. The Jati of the raga is Shaddav- Shadav where Dhaivat is completely abandoned in Aroh and Avaroh. Both forms of Nishadare used in raga but the position of Suddh Nishad is restricted only in Aroh and used as per Sarangang ( Pa Ni Sa Re, Pa ni Pa Ni Sa Re,  Re ni Sa...Pa ni Pa ). Komal Nishad is used freely in both Aroh and Avaroh but in Vakra Swaroop(crooked position) i.e  Pa ni Pa Sa , Ni Sa Re Sa ni Pa, ma Pa ni Pa.. Sa .. Crooked and wry position in raga is the common transition where three Ragang are blended to make Nayaki Kanhara and created a unique melody that the parental Raga where those phrases are taken form.  Re ni Sa Re,  ga ma Re Sa Re.., Re Pa , ga ma Re Sa .. ga ma Pa ni Pa , ni Pa ma Pa ga ma Re , Pa ,, ni Pa ma Pa ni Pa Sa.., Pa Ni Sa Re Sa ,, are some common phrases of Nayaki Kanhara.

Aroh: ni Sa Re ga ma Pa, ga ma Pa ni Pa, Sa

Avaroh : Sa Pa ni ma Pa , ga ma Re Sa

Pakkad:  Re ni Sa.. Re ga... ma Re Sa Re, Re Pa, ma Pa ni Pa, ga ma Re Pa, ni Pa Sa... PaNiSaRe..niSa, Pa ni ma Pa ga ma Re Sa Re...

Bandish: Chota Chyal - Teen Taal 

St. Ja Ja Re Ja Kagawa, Mora Sandeshwa leja ....ll

Ant. Tumko Pukaru Nis Din Dhyawu , Aaj Piharawa Aa Ja... ll

Badha Khyal

 St. Kaise Samajhau Jiya Ko Aab Mori ll

Ant. Nis Din Maika Juga Sam Bitat,

Nahi Katat Din Raina Sakhi Re... ll (Bada khyal is a bandish of Pt. Narayan Laxman Gune) 

 

Note: The notes Sa represent Shadaj, Re – Suddh Rishav, ga – Komal Gandhar, ma- Suddh Madhyam, Pa- Pancham, dha – Komal Dhaivat, Dha- Suddh Dhaivat,  ni- Komal Nishad, Ni- Suddh Nishad - 

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https://www.musicbanaras.com/2024/04/raga-jaijaiwanti.html

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